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Monday, February 20, 2017

Text skew correction with OpenCV and Python

Today’s tutorial is a Python implementation of my favorite blog post by Félix Abecassis on the process of text skew correction (i.e., “deskewing text”) using OpenCV and image processing functions.

Given an image containing a rotated block of text at an unknown angle, we need to correct the text skew by:

  1. Detecting the block of text in the image.
  2. Computing the angle of the rotated text.
  3. Rotating the image to correct for the skew.

We typically apply text skew correction algorithms in the field of automatic document analysis, but the process itself can be applied to other domains as well.

To learn more about text skew correction, just keep reading.

Looking for the source code to this post?
Jump right to the downloads section.

Text skew correction with OpenCV and Python

The remainder of this blog post will demonstrate how to deskew text using basic image processing operations with Python and OpenCV.

We’ll start by creating a simple dataset that we can use to evaluate our text skew corrector.

We’ll then write Python and OpenCV code to automatically detect and correct the text skew angle in our images.

Creating a simple dataset

Similar to Félix’s example, I have prepared a small dataset of four images that have been rotated by a given number of degrees:

Figure 1: Our four example images that we’ll be applying text skew correction to with OpenCV and Python.

The text block itself is from Chapter 11 of my book, Practical Python and OpenCV, where I’m discussing contours and how to utilize them for image processing and computer vision.

The filenames of the four files follow:

$ ls images/
neg_28.png      neg_4.png       pos_24.png      pos_41.png

The first part of the filename specifies whether our image has been rotated counter-clockwise (negative) or clockwise (positive).

The second component of the filename is the actual number of degrees the image has been rotated by.

The goal our text skew correction algorithm will be to correctly determine the direction and angle of the rotation, then correct for it.

To see how our text skew correction algorithm is implemented with OpenCV and Python, be sure to read the next section.

Deskewing text with OpenCV and Python

To get started, open up a new file and name it

correct_skew.py
 .

From there, insert the following code:

# import the necessary packages
import numpy as np
import argparse
import cv2

# construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-i", "--image", required=True,
        help="path to input image file")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())

# load the image from disk
image = cv2.imread(args["image"])

Lines 2-4 import our required Python packages. We’ll be using OpenCV via our

cv2
  bindings, so if you don’t already have OpenCV installed on your system, please refer to my list of OpenCV install tutorials to help you get your system setup and configured.

We then parse our command line arguments on Lines 7-10. We only need a single argument here,

--image
 , which is the path to our input image.

The image is then loaded from disk on Line 13.

Our next step is to isolate the text in the image:

# import the necessary packages
import numpy as np
import argparse
import cv2

# construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-i", "--image", required=True,
        help="path to input image file")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())

# load the image from disk
image = cv2.imread(args["image"])

# convert the image to grayscale and flip the foreground
# and background to ensure foreground is now "white" and
# the background is "black"
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
gray = cv2.bitwise_not(gray)

# threshold the image, setting all foreground pixels to
# 255 and all background pixels to 0
thresh = cv2.threshold(gray, 0, 255,
        cv2.THRESH_BINARY | cv2.THRESH_OTSU)[1]

Our input images contain text that is dark on a light background; however, to apply our text skew correction process, we first need to invert the image (i.e., the text is now light on a dark background — we need the inverse).

When applying computer vision and image processing operations, it’s common for the foreground to be represented as light while the background (the part of the image we are not interested in) is dark.

A thresholding operation (Lines 23 and 24) is then applied to binarize the image:

Figure 2: Applying a thresholding operation to binarize our image. Our text is now white on a black background.

Given this thresholded image, we can now compute the minimum rotated bounding box that contains the text regions:

# import the necessary packages
import numpy as np
import argparse
import cv2

# construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-i", "--image", required=True,
        help="path to input image file")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())

# load the image from disk
image = cv2.imread(args["image"])

# convert the image to grayscale and flip the foreground
# and background to ensure foreground is now "white" and
# the background is "black"
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
gray = cv2.bitwise_not(gray)

# threshold the image, setting all foreground pixels to
# 255 and all background pixels to 0
thresh = cv2.threshold(gray, 0, 255,
        cv2.THRESH_BINARY | cv2.THRESH_OTSU)[1]

# grab the (x, y) coordinates of all pixel values that
# are greater than zero, then use these coordinates to
# compute a rotated bounding box that contains all
# coordinates
coords = np.column_stack(np.where(thresh > 0))
angle = cv2.minAreaRect(coords)[-1]

# the `cv2.minAreaRect` function returns values in the
# range [-90, 0); as the rectangle rotates clockwise the
# returned angle trends to 0 -- in this special case we
# need to add 90 degrees to the angle
if angle < -45:
        angle = -(90 + angle)

# otherwise, just take the inverse of the angle to make
# it positive
else:
        angle = -angle

Line 30 finds all (x, y)-coordinates in the

thresh
  image that are part of the foreground.

We pass these coordinates into

cv2.minAreaRect
  which then computes the minimum rotated rectangle that contains the entire text region.

The

cv2.minAreaRect
  function returns angle values in the range [-90, 0). As the rectangle is rotated clockwise the angle value increases towards zero. When zero is reached, the angle is set back to -90 degrees again and the process continues.

Note: For more information on

cv2.minAreaRect
 , please see this excellent explanation by Adam Goodwin.

Lines 37 and 38 handle if the angle is less than -45 degrees, in which case we need to add 90 degrees to the angle and take the inverse.

Otherwise, Lines 42 and 43 simply take the inverse of the angle.

Now that we have determined the text skew angle, we need to apply an affine transformation to correct for the skew:

# import the necessary packages
import numpy as np
import argparse
import cv2

# construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-i", "--image", required=True,
        help="path to input image file")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())

# load the image from disk
image = cv2.imread(args["image"])

# convert the image to grayscale and flip the foreground
# and background to ensure foreground is now "white" and
# the background is "black"
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
gray = cv2.bitwise_not(gray)

# threshold the image, setting all foreground pixels to
# 255 and all background pixels to 0
thresh = cv2.threshold(gray, 0, 255,
        cv2.THRESH_BINARY | cv2.THRESH_OTSU)[1]

# grab the (x, y) coordinates of all pixel values that
# are greater than zero, then use these coordinates to
# compute a rotated bounding box that contains all
# coordinates
coords = np.column_stack(np.where(thresh > 0))
angle = cv2.minAreaRect(coords)[-1]

# the `cv2.minAreaRect` function returns values in the
# range [-90, 0); as the rectangle rotates clockwise the
# returned angle trends to 0 -- in this special case we
# need to add 90 degrees to the angle
if angle < -45:
        angle = -(90 + angle)

# otherwise, just take the inverse of the angle to make
# it positive
else:
        angle = -angle

# rotate the image to deskew it
(h, w) = image.shape[:2]
center = (w // 2, h // 2)
M = cv2.getRotationMatrix2D(center, angle, 1.0)
rotated = cv2.warpAffine(image, M, (w, h),
        flags=cv2.INTER_CUBIC, borderMode=cv2.BORDER_REPLICATE)

Lines 46 and 47 determine the center (x, y)-coordinate of the image. We pass the

center
  coordinates and rotation angle into the 
cv2.getRotationMatrix2D
  (Line 48). This rotation matrix 
M
  is then used to perform the actual transformation on Lines 49 and 50.

Finally, we display the results to our screen:

# import the necessary packages
import numpy as np
import argparse
import cv2

# construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-i", "--image", required=True,
        help="path to input image file")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())

# load the image from disk
image = cv2.imread(args["image"])

# convert the image to grayscale and flip the foreground
# and background to ensure foreground is now "white" and
# the background is "black"
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
gray = cv2.bitwise_not(gray)

# threshold the image, setting all foreground pixels to
# 255 and all background pixels to 0
thresh = cv2.threshold(gray, 0, 255,
        cv2.THRESH_BINARY | cv2.THRESH_OTSU)[1]

# grab the (x, y) coordinates of all pixel values that
# are greater than zero, then use these coordinates to
# compute a rotated bounding box that contains all
# coordinates
coords = np.column_stack(np.where(thresh > 0))
angle = cv2.minAreaRect(coords)[-1]

# the `cv2.minAreaRect` function returns values in the
# range [-90, 0); as the rectangle rotates clockwise the
# returned angle trends to 0 -- in this special case we
# need to add 90 degrees to the angle
if angle < -45:
        angle = -(90 + angle)

# otherwise, just take the inverse of the angle to make
# it positive
else:
        angle = -angle

# rotate the image to deskew it
(h, w) = image.shape[:2]
center = (w // 2, h // 2)
M = cv2.getRotationMatrix2D(center, angle, 1.0)
rotated = cv2.warpAffine(image, M, (w, h),
        flags=cv2.INTER_CUBIC, borderMode=cv2.BORDER_REPLICATE)

# draw the correction angle on the image so we can validate it
cv2.putText(rotated, "Angle: {:.2f} degrees".format(angle),
        (10, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.7, (0, 0, 255), 2)

# show the output image
print("[INFO] angle: {:.3f}".format(angle))
cv2.imshow("Input", image)
cv2.imshow("Rotated", rotated)
cv2.waitKey(0)

Line 53 draws the

angle
  on our image so we can verify that the output image matches the rotation angle (you would obviously want to remove this line in a document processing pipeline).

Lines 57-60 handle displaying the output image.

Skew correction results

To grab the code + example images used inside this blog post, be sure to use the “Downloads” section at the bottom of this post.

From there, execute the following command to correct the skew for our

neg_4.png
  image: 
$ python correct_skew.py --image images/neg_4.png 
[INFO] angle: -4.086

Figure 3: Applying skew correction using OpenCV and Python.

Here we can see that that input image has a counter-clockwise skew of 4 degrees. Applying our skew correction with OpenCV detects this 4 degree skew and corrects for it.

Here is another example, this time with a counter-clockwise skew of 28 degrees:

$ python correct_skew.py --image images/neg_28.png 
[INFO] angle: -28.009

Figure 4: Deskewing images using OpenCV and Python.

Again, our skew correction algorithm is able to correct the input image.

This time, let’s try a clockwise skew:

$ python correct_skew.py --image images/pos_24.png 
[INFO] angle: 23.974

Figure 5: Correcting for skew in text regions with computer vision.

And finally a more extreme clockwise skew of 41 degrees:

$ python correct_skew.py --image images/pos_41.png 
[INFO] angle: 41.037

Figure 6: Deskewing text with OpenCV.

Regardless of skew angle, our algorithm is able to correct for skew in images using OpenCV and Python.

Interested in learning more about computer vision and OpenCV?

If you’re interested in learning more about the fundamentals of computer vision and image processing, be sure to take a look at my book, Practical Python and OpenCV:

Inside the book you’ll learn the basics of computer vision and OpenCV, working your way up to more advanced topics such as face detection, object tracking in video, and handwriting recognition, all with lots of examples, code, and detailed walkthroughs.

If you’re interested in learning more (and how my book can teach you these algorithms in less than a single weekend), just click the button below:

Summary

In today’s blog post I provided a Python implementation of Félix Abecassis’ approach to skew correction.

The algorithm itself is quite straightforward, relying on only basic image processing techniques such as thresholding, computing the minimum area rotated rectangle, and then applying an affine transformation to correct the skew.

We would commonly use this type of text skew correction in an automatic document analysis pipeline where our goal is to digitize a set of documents, correct for text skew, and then apply OCR to convert the text in the image to machine-encoded text.

I hope you enjoyed today’s tutorial!

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Downloads:

If you would like to download the code and images used in this post, please enter your email address in the form below. Not only will you get a .zip of the code, I’ll also send you a FREE 11-page Resource Guide on Computer Vision and Image Search Engines, including exclusive techniques that I don’t post on this blog! Sound good? If so, enter your email address and I’ll send you the code immediately!

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