Increasing Raspberry Pi FPS with Python and OpenCV

Today is the second post in our three part series on milking every last bit of performance out of your webcam or Raspberry Pi camera.

Last week we discussed how to:

1. Increase the FPS rate of our video processing pipeline.
2. Reduce the affects of I/O latency on standard USB and built-in webcams using threading.

This week we’ll continue to utilize threads to improve the FPS/latency of the Raspberry Pi using both the

picamera

  module and a USB webcam.

As we’ll find out, threading can dramatically decrease our I/O latency, thus substantially increasing the FPS processing rate of our pipeline.

Looking for the source code to this post?
Jump right to the downloads section.

Note: A big thanks to PyImageSearch reader, Sean McLeod, who commented on last week’s post and mentioned that I needed to make the FPS rate and the I/O latency topic more clear.

Increasing Raspberry Pi FPS with Python and OpenCV

In last week’s blog post we learned that by using a dedicated thread (separate from the main thread) to read frames from our camera sensor, we can dramatically increase the FPS processing rate of our pipeline. This speedup is obtained by (1) reducing I/O latency and (2) ensuring the main thread is never blocked, allowing us to grab the most recent frame read by the camera at any moment in time. Using this multi-threaded approach, our video processing pipeline is never blocked, thus allowing us to increase the overall FPS processing rate of the pipeline.

In fact, I would argue that it’s even more important to use threading on the Raspberry Pi 2 since resources (i.e., processor and RAM) are substantially more constrained than on modern laptops/desktops.

Again, our goal here is to create a separate thread that is dedicated to polling frames from the Raspberry Pi camera module. By doing this, we can increase the FPS rate of our video processing pipeline by 246%!

In fact, this functionality is already implemented inside the imutils package. To install

imutils

  on your system, just use

pip

 :

$ pip install imutils

If you already have

imutils

  installed, you can upgrade to the latest version using this command:

$ pip install --upgrade imutils

We’ll be reviewing the source code to the

video

  sub-package of

imutils

  to obtain a better understanding of what’s going on under the hood.

To handle reading threaded frames from the Raspberry Pi camera module, let’s define a Python class named

PiVideoStream

 :

# import the necessary packages
from picamera.array import PiRGBArray
from picamera import PiCamera
from threading import Thread
import cv2

class PiVideoStream:
        def __init__(self, resolution=(320, 240), framerate=32):
                # initialize the camera and stream
                self.camera = PiCamera()
                self.camera.resolution = resolution
                self.camera.framerate = framerate
                self.rawCapture = PiRGBArray(self.camera, size=resolution)
                self.stream = self.camera.capture_continuous(self.rawCapture,
                        format="bgr", use_video_port=True)

                # initialize the frame and the variable used to indicate
                # if the thread should be stopped
                self.frame = None
                self.stopped = False

Lines 2-5 handle importing our necessary packages. We’ll import both

PiCamera

  and

PiRGBArray

  to access the Raspberry Pi camera module. If you do not have the picamera Python module already installed (or have never worked with it before), I would suggest reading this post on accessing the Raspberry Pi camera for a gentle introduction to the topic.

On Line 8 we define the constructor to the

PiVideoStream

  class. We’ll can optionally supply two parameters here, (1) the

resolution

  of the frames being read from the camera stream and (2) the desired frame rate of the camera module. We’ll default these values to

(320, 240)

  and

32

 , respectively.

Finally, Line 19 initializes the latest

frame

  read from the video stream and an boolean variable used to indicate if the frame reading process should be stopped.

Next up, let’s look at how we can read frames from the Raspberry Pi camera module in a threaded manner:

# import the necessary packages
from picamera.array import PiRGBArray
from picamera import PiCamera
from threading import Thread
import cv2

class PiVideoStream:
        def __init__(self, resolution=(320, 240), framerate=32):
                # initialize the camera and stream
                self.camera = PiCamera()
                self.camera.resolution = resolution
                self.camera.framerate = framerate
                self.rawCapture = PiRGBArray(self.camera, size=resolution)
                self.stream = self.camera.capture_continuous(self.rawCapture,
                        format="bgr", use_video_port=True)

                # initialize the frame and the variable used to indicate
                # if the thread should be stopped
                self.frame = None
                self.stopped = False

        def start(self):
                # start the thread to read frames from the video stream
                Thread(target=self.update, args=()).start()
                return self

        def update(self):
                # keep looping infinitely until the thread is stopped
                for f in self.stream:
                        # grab the frame from the stream and clear the stream in
                        # preparation for the next frame
                        self.frame = f.array
                        self.rawCapture.truncate(0)

                        # if the thread indicator variable is set, stop the thread
                        # and resource camera resources
                        if self.stopped:
                                self.stream.close()
                                self.rawCapture.close()
                                self.camera.close()
                                return

Lines 22-25 define the

start

  method which is simply used to spawn a thread that calls the

update

  method.

The

update

  method (Lines 27-41) continuously polls the Raspberry Pi camera module, grabs the most recent frame from the video stream, and stores it in the

frame

  variable. Again, it’s important to note that this thread is separate from our main Python script.

Finally, if we need to stop the thread, Lines 38-40 handle releasing any camera resources.

Note: If you are unfamiliar with using the Raspberry Pi camera and the

picamera

  module, I highly suggest that you read this tutorial before continuing.

Finally, let’s define two more methods used in the

PiVideoStream

  class:

# import the necessary packages
from picamera.array import PiRGBArray
from picamera import PiCamera
from threading import Thread
import cv2

class PiVideoStream:
        def __init__(self, resolution=(320, 240), framerate=32):
                # initialize the camera and stream
                self.camera = PiCamera()
                self.camera.resolution = resolution
                self.camera.framerate = framerate
                self.rawCapture = PiRGBArray(self.camera, size=resolution)
                self.stream = self.camera.capture_continuous(self.rawCapture,
                        format="bgr", use_video_port=True)

                # initialize the frame and the variable used to indicate
                # if the thread should be stopped
                self.frame = None
                self.stopped = False

        def start(self):
                # start the thread to read frames from the video stream
                Thread(target=self.update, args=()).start()
                return self

        def update(self):
                # keep looping infinitely until the thread is stopped
                for f in self.stream:
                        # grab the frame from the stream and clear the stream in
                        # preparation for the next frame
                        self.frame = f.array
                        self.rawCapture.truncate(0)

                        # if the thread indicator variable is set, stop the thread
                        # and resource camera resources
                        if self.stopped:
                                self.stream.close()
                                self.rawCapture.close()
                                self.camera.close()
                                return

        def read(self):
                # return the frame most recently read
                return self.frame

        def stop(self):
                # indicate that the thread should be stopped
                self.stopped = True

The

read

  method simply returns the most recently read frame from the camera sensor to the calling function. The

stop

  method sets the

stopped

  boolean to indicate that the camera resources should be cleaned up and the camera polling thread stopped.

Now that the

PiVideoStream

  class is defined, let’s create the

picamera_fps_demo.py

  driver script:

# import the necessary packages
from __future__ import print_function
from imutils.video.pivideostream import PiVideoStream
from imutils.video import FPS
from picamera.array import PiRGBArray
from picamera import PiCamera
import argparse
import imutils
import time
import cv2

# construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-n", "--num-frames", type=int, default=100,
        help="# of frames to loop over for FPS test")
ap.add_argument("-d", "--display", type=int, default=-1,
        help="Whether or not frames should be displayed")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())

# initialize the camera and stream
camera = PiCamera()
camera.resolution = (320, 240)
camera.framerate = 32
rawCapture = PiRGBArray(camera, size=(320, 240))
stream = camera.capture_continuous(rawCapture, format="bgr",
        use_video_port=True)

Lines 2-10 handle importing our necessary packages. We’ll import the

FPS

  class from last week so we can approximate the FPS rate of our video processing pipeline.

From there, Lines 13-18 handle parsing our command line arguments. We only need two optional switches here,

--num-frames

 , which is the number of frames we’ll use to approximate the FPS of our pipeline, followed by

--display

 , which is used to indicate if the frame read from our Raspberry Pi camera should be displayed to our screen or not.

Finally, Lines 21-26 handle initializing the Raspberry Pi camera stream — see this post for more information.

Now we are ready to obtain results for a non-threaded approach:

# import the necessary packages
from __future__ import print_function
from imutils.video.pivideostream import PiVideoStream
from imutils.video import FPS
from picamera.array import PiRGBArray
from picamera import PiCamera
import argparse
import imutils
import time
import cv2

# construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-n", "--num-frames", type=int, default=100,
        help="# of frames to loop over for FPS test")
ap.add_argument("-d", "--display", type=int, default=-1,
        help="Whether or not frames should be displayed")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())

# initialize the camera and stream
camera = PiCamera()
camera.resolution = (320, 240)
camera.framerate = 32
rawCapture = PiRGBArray(camera, size=(320, 240))
stream = camera.capture_continuous(rawCapture, format="bgr",
        use_video_port=True)

# allow the camera to warmup and start the FPS counter
print("[INFO] sampling frames from `picamera` module...")
time.sleep(2.0)
fps = FPS().start()

# loop over some frames
for (i, f) in enumerate(stream):
        # grab the frame from the stream and resize it to have a maximum
        # width of 400 pixels
        frame = f.array
        frame = imutils.resize(frame, width=400)

        # check to see if the frame should be displayed to our screen
        if args["display"] > 0:
                cv2.imshow("Frame", frame)
                key = cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF

        # clear the stream in preparation for the next frame and update
        # the FPS counter
        rawCapture.truncate(0)
        fps.update()

        # check to see if the desired number of frames have been reached
        if i == args["num_frames"]:
                break

# stop the timer and display FPS information
fps.stop()
print("[INFO] elasped time: {:.2f}".format(fps.elapsed()))
print("[INFO] approx. FPS: {:.2f}".format(fps.fps()))

# do a bit of cleanup
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
stream.close()
rawCapture.close()
camera.close()

Line 31 starts the FPS counter, allowing us to approximate the number of frames our pipeline can process in a single second.

We then start looping over frames read from the Raspberry Pi camera module on Line 34.

Lines 41-43 make a check to see if the

frame

  should be displayed to our screen or not while Line 48 updates the FPS counter.

Finally, Lines 61-63 handle releasing any camera sources.

The code for accessing the Raspberry Pi camera in a threaded manner follows below:

# import the necessary packages
from __future__ import print_function
from imutils.video.pivideostream import PiVideoStream
from imutils.video import FPS
from picamera.array import PiRGBArray
from picamera import PiCamera
import argparse
import imutils
import time
import cv2

# construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-n", "--num-frames", type=int, default=100,
        help="# of frames to loop over for FPS test")
ap.add_argument("-d", "--display", type=int, default=-1,
        help="Whether or not frames should be displayed")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())

# initialize the camera and stream
camera = PiCamera()
camera.resolution = (320, 240)
camera.framerate = 32
rawCapture = PiRGBArray(camera, size=(320, 240))
stream = camera.capture_continuous(rawCapture, format="bgr",
        use_video_port=True)

# allow the camera to warmup and start the FPS counter
print("[INFO] sampling frames from `picamera` module...")
time.sleep(2.0)
fps = FPS().start()

# loop over some frames
for (i, f) in enumerate(stream):
        # grab the frame from the stream and resize it to have a maximum
        # width of 400 pixels
        frame = f.array
        frame = imutils.resize(frame, width=400)

        # check to see if the frame should be displayed to our screen
        if args["display"] > 0:
                cv2.imshow("Frame", frame)
                key = cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF

        # clear the stream in preparation for the next frame and update
        # the FPS counter
        rawCapture.truncate(0)
        fps.update()

        # check to see if the desired number of frames have been reached
        if i == args["num_frames"]:
                break

# stop the timer and display FPS information
fps.stop()
print("[INFO] elasped time: {:.2f}".format(fps.elapsed()))
print("[INFO] approx. FPS: {:.2f}".format(fps.fps()))

# do a bit of cleanup
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
stream.close()
rawCapture.close()
camera.close()

# created a *threaded *video stream, allow the camera sensor to warmup,
# and start the FPS counter
print("[INFO] sampling THREADED frames from `picamera` module...")
vs = PiVideoStream().start()
time.sleep(2.0)
fps = FPS().start()

# loop over some frames...this time using the threaded stream
while fps._numFrames < args["num_frames"]:
        # grab the frame from the threaded video stream and resize it
        # to have a maximum width of 400 pixels
        frame = vs.read()
        frame = imutils.resize(frame, width=400)

        # check to see if the frame should be displayed to our screen
        if args["display"] > 0:
                cv2.imshow("Frame", frame)
                key = cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF

        # update the FPS counter
        fps.update()

# stop the timer and display FPS information
fps.stop()
print("[INFO] elasped time: {:.2f}".format(fps.elapsed()))
print("[INFO] approx. FPS: {:.2f}".format(fps.fps()))

# do a bit of cleanup
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
vs.stop()

This code is very similar to the code block above, only this time we initialize and start the threaded

PiVideoStream

  class on Line 68.

We then loop over the same number of frames as with the non-threaded approach, update the FPS counter, and finally print our results to the terminal on Lines 89 and 90.

Raspberry Pi FPS Threading Results

In this section we will review the results of using threading to increase the FPS processing rate of our pipeline by reducing the affects of I/O latency.

The results for this post were gathered on a Raspberry Pi 2:

• Using the

  picamera
  

    module.
• And a Logitech C920 camera (which is plug-and-play capable with the Raspberry Pi).

I also gathered results using the Raspberry Pi Zero. Since the Pi Zero does not have a CSI port (and thus cannot use the Raspberry Pi camera module), timings were only gathered for the Logitech USB camera.

I used the following command to gather results for the

picamera

  module on the Raspberry Pi 2:

$ python picamera_fps_demo.py

Figure 1: Increasing the FPS processing rate of the Raspberry Pi 2.

As we can see from the screenshot above, using no threading obtained 14.46 FPS.

However, by using threading, our FPS rose to 226.67, an increase of over 1,467%!

But before we get too excited, keep in mind this is not a true representation of the FPS of the Raspberry Pi camera module — we are certainly not reading a total of 226 frames from the camera module per second. Instead, this speedup simply demonstrates that our

for

  loop pipeline is able to process 226 frames per second.

This increase in FPS processing rate comes from decreased I/O latency. By placing the I/O in a separate thread, our main thread runs extremely fast — faster than the I/O thread is capable of polling frames from the camera, in fact. This implies that we are actually processing the same frame multiple times.

Again, what we are actually measuring is the number of frames our video processing pipeline can process in a single second, regardless if the frames are “new” frames returned from the camera sensor or not.

Using the current threaded scheme, we can process approximately 226.67 FPS using our trivial pipeline. This FPS number will go own as our video processing pipeline becomes more complex.

To demonstrate this, let’s insert a

cv2.imshow

  call and display each of the frames read from the camera sensor to our screen. The

cv2.imshow

  function is another form of I/O, only now we are both reading a frame from the stream and then writing the frame to our display:

$ python picamera_fps_demo.py --display 1

Figure 2: Reducing the I/O latency and improving the FPS processing rate of our pipeline using Python and OpenCV.

Using no threading, we reached only 14.97 FPS.

But by placing the frame I/O into a separate thread, we reached 51.83 FPS, an improvement of 246%!

It’s also worth noting that the Raspberry Pi camera module itself can reportedly get up to 90 FPS.

To summarize the results, by placing the blocking I/O call in our main thread, we only obtained a very low 14.97 FPS. But by moving the I/O to an entirely separate thread our FPS processing rate has increased (by decreasing the affects of I/O latency), bringing up the FPS rate to an estimated 51.83.

Simply put: When you are developing Python scripts on the Raspberry Pi 2 using the

picamera

  module, move your frame reading to a separate thread to speedup your video processing pipeline.

As a matter of completeness, I’ve also ran the same experiments from last week using the

fps_demo.py

  script (see last week’s post for a review of the code) to gather FPS results from a USB camera on the Raspberry Pi 2:

$ python fps_demo.py --display 1

Figure 3: Obtaining 36.09 FPS processing rate using a USB camera and a Raspberry Pi 2.

With no threading, our pipeline obtained 22 FPS. But by introducing threading, we reached 36.09 FPS — an improvement of 64%!

Finally, I also ran the

fps_demo.py

  script on the Raspberry Pi Zero as well:

Figure 4: Since the Raspberry Pi Zero is a single core/single threaded machine, the FPS processing rate improvements are very small.

With no threading, we hit 6.62 FPS. And with threading, we only marginally improved to 6.90 FPS, an increase of only 4%.

The reason for the small performance gain is simply because the Raspberry Pi Zero processor has only one core and one thread, thus the same thread of execution must be shared for all processes running on the system at even given time.

Given the quad-core processor of the Raspberry Pi 2, it’s suffice to say the Pi 2 should be used for video processing.

Summary

In this post we learned how threading can be used to increase our FPS processing rate and reduce the affects of I/O latency on the Raspberry Pi.

Using threading allowed us to increase our video processing rate by a nice 246%; however, its important to note that as the processing pipeline becomes more complex, the FPS processing rate will go down as well.

In next week’s post, we’ll create a Python class that incorporates last week’s

WebcamVideoStream

  and today’s

PiVideoStream

  into a single class, allowing new video processing blog posts on PyImageSearch to run on either a USB camera or a Raspberry Pi camera module without changing a single line of code!

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