Most prior work that deals with serendipity in a computing context focuses on computational discovery: we argue that serendipity also includes an important invention aspect. Building on a survey that describes serendipitous discovery and invention in science and technology, we advance a definition of serendipity and an accompanying model that can be used evaluate the potential for serendipity in computational systems. The model adapts existing recommendations for evaluating computational creativity. It is applied in three case studies that evaluate the serendipity of existing and hypothetical systems in the context of evolutionary computing, automated programming, and recommender systems. From this analysis, we extract recommendations for practitioners working with computational serendipity, and outline future directions for research.
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