OpenCV: Resolving NoneType errors

Each week I receive and respond to at least 2-3 emails and 3-4 blog post comments regarding

NoneType

  errors in OpenCV and Python.

For beginners, these errors can be hard to diagnose — by definition they aren’t very informative.

Since this question is getting asked so often I decided to dedicate an entire blog post to the topic.

While

NoneType

  errors can be caused for a nearly unlimited number of reasons, in my experience, both as a computer vision developer and chatting with other programmers here on PyImageSearch, in over 95% of the cases,

NoneType

  errors in OpenCV are caused by either:

1. An invalid image path passed to

   cv2.imread
   

    .
2. A problem reading a frame from a video stream/video file via

   cv2.VideoCapture
   

     and the associated

   .read
   

     method.

To learn more about

NoneType

  errors in OpenCV (and how to avoid them), just keep reading.

Looking for the source code to this post?
Jump right to the downloads section.

OpenCV: Resolving NoneType errors

In the first part of this blog post I’ll discuss exactly what

NoneType

  errors are in the Python programming language.

I’ll then discuss the two primary reasons you’ll run into

NoneType

  errors when using OpenCV and Python together.

Finally, I’ll put together an actual example that not only causes a

NoneType

  error, but also resolves it as well.

What is a NoneType error?

When using the Python programming language you’ll inevitably run into an error that looks like this:

AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute ‘something’

Where

something

  can be replaced by whatever the name of the actual attribute is.

We see these errors when we think we are working with an instance of a particular Class or Object, but in reality we have the Python built-in type

None

 .

As the name suggests,

None

  represents the absence of a value, such as when a function call returns an unexpected result or fails entirely.

Here is an example of generating a

NoneType

  error from the Python shell:

>>> foo = None
>>> foo.bar = True
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'bar'
>>>

Here I create a variable named

foo

  and set it to

None

 .

I then try to set the

bar

  attribute of

foo

  to

True

 , but since

foo

  is a

NoneType

  object, Python will not allow this — hence the error message.

Two reasons for 95% of OpenCV NoneType errors

When using OpenCV and Python bindings, you’re bound to come across

NoneType

  errors at some point.

In my experience, over 95% of the time these

NoneType

  errors can be traced back to either an issue with

cv2.imread

  or

cv2.VideoCapture

 .

I have provided details for each of the cases below.

Case #1: cv2.imread

If you are receiving a

NoneType

  error and your code is calling

cv2.imread

 , then the likely cause of the error is an invalid file path supplied to

cv2.imread

 .

The

cv2.imread

  function does not explicitly throw an error message if you give it an invalid file path (i.e., a path to a nonexistent file). Instead,

cv2.imread

  will simply return

None

 .

Anytime you try to access an attribute of a

None

  image loaded from disk via

cv2.imread

  you’ll get a

NoneType

  error.

Here is an example of trying to load a nonexistent image from disk:

$ python
>>> import cv2
>>> path = "path/to/image/that/does/not/exist.png"
>>> image = cv2.imread(path)
>>> print(image.shape)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'shape'

As you can see,

cv2.imread

  gladly accepts the image path (even though it doesn’t exist), realizes the image path is invalid, and returns

None

 . This is especially confusing for Python programmers who are used to these types of functions throwing exceptions.

As an added bonus, I’ll also mention the

AssertionFailed

  exception.

If you try to pass an invalid image (i.e.,

NoneType

  image) into another OpenCV function, Python + OpenCV will complain that the image doesn’t have any width, height, or depth information — and how could it, the “image” is a

None

  object after all!

Here is an example of an error message you might see when loading a nonexistent image from disk and followed by immediately calling an OpenCV function on it:

>>> import cv2
>>> path = "path/to/image/that/does/not/exist.png"
>>> image = cv2.imread(path)
>>> gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
OpenCV Error: Assertion failed (scn == 3 || scn == 4) in cvtColor, file /tmp/opencv20150906-42178-3d0iam/opencv-2.4.12/modules/imgproc/src/color.cpp, line 3739
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
cv2.error: /tmp/opencv20150906-42178-3d0iam/opencv-2.4.12/modules/imgproc/src/color.cpp:3739: error: (-215) scn == 3 || scn == 4 in function cvtColor

>>>

These types of errors can be harder to debug since there are many reasons why an

AssertionError

  could be thrown. But in most cases, your first step should be be ensuring that your image was correctly loaded from disk.

A final, more rare problem you may encounter with

cv2.imread

  is that your image does exist on disk, but you didn’t compile OpenCV with the given image I/O libraries installed.

For example, let’s say you have a .JPEG file on disk and you knew you had the correct path to it.

You then try to load the JPEG file via

cv2.imread

  and notice a

NoneType

  or

AssertionError

 .

How can this be?

The file exists!

In this case, you likely forgot to compile OpenCV with JPEG file support enabled.

In Debian/Ubuntu systems, this is caused by a lack of

libjpeg

  being installed.

For macOS systems, you likely forgot to install the

jpeg

  library via Homebrew.

To resolve this problem, regardless of operating system, you’ll need to re-compile and re-install OpenCV. Please see this page for more details on how to compile and install OpenCV on your particular system.

Case #2: cv2.VideoCapture and .read

Just like we see

NoneType

  errors and

AssertionError

  exceptions when using

cv2.imread

 , you’ll also see these errors when working with video streams/video files as well.

To access a video stream, OpenCV uses the

cv2.VideoCapture

  which accepts a single argument, either:

1. A string representing the path to a video file on disk.
2. An integer representing the index of a webcam on your computer.

Working with video streams and video files with OpenCV is more complex than simply loading an image via

cv2.imread

 , but the same rules apply.

If you try to call the

.read

  method of an instantiated

cv2.VideoCapture

  (regardless if it’s a video file or webcam stream) and notice a

NoneType

  error or 

AssertionError

 , then you likely have a problem with either:

1. The path to your input video file (it’s probably incorrect).
2. Not having the proper video codecs installed, in which case you’ll need to install the codecs, followed by re-compiling and re-installing OpenCV (see this page for a complete list of tutorials).
3. Your webcam not being accessible via OpenCV. This could be for any number of reasons, including missing drivers, an incorrect index passed to

   cv2.VideoCapture
   

    , or simply your webcam is not properly attached to your system.

Again, working with video files is more complex than working with simple image files, so make sure you’re systematic in resolving the issue.

First, try to access your webcam via a separate piece of software than OpenCV.

Or, try to load your video file in a movie player.

If both of those work, you likely have a problem with your OpenCV install.

Otherwise, it’s most likely a codec or driver issue.

An example of creating and resolving an OpenCV NoneType error

To demonstrate a

NoneType

  error in action I decided to create a highly simplified Python + OpenCV script that represents what you might see elsewhere on the PyImageSearch blog.

Open up a new file, name it

display_image.py

 , and insert the following code:

# import the necessary packages
import argparse
import cv2

# construct the argument parse and parse the arguments
ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
ap.add_argument("-i", "--image", required=True,
        help="path to the image file")
args = vars(ap.parse_args())

# load the image from disk and display the width, height,
# and depth
image = cv2.imread(args["image"])
(h, w, d) = image.shape
print("w: {}, h: {}, d: {}".format(w, h, d))

# show the image
cv2.imshow("Image", image)
cv2.waitKey(0)

All this script does is:

• Parse command line arguments.
• (Attempts to) load an image from disk.
• Prints the width, height, and depth of the image to the terminal.
• Displays the image to our screen.

For most Python developers who are familiar with the command line, this script won’t give you any trouble.

But if you’re new to the command line and are unfamiliar/uncomfortable with command line arguments, you can easily run into a

NoneType

  error if you’re not careful.

How, you might say?

The answer lies in not properly using/understanding command line arguments.

Over the past few years of running this blog, I’ve seen many emails and blog post comments from readers who are trying to modify the

.add_argument

  function to supply the path to their image file.

DON’T DO THIS — you don’t have to change a single line of argument parsing code.

Instead, what you should do is spend the next 10 minutes reading through this excellent article that explains what command line arguments are and how to use them in Python:

http://ift.tt/2hqUqIK

This is required reading if you expect to follow tutorials here on the PyImageSearch blog.

Working with the command line, and therefore command line arguments, are a big part of what it means to be a computer scientist — a lack of command line skills is only going to harm you. You’ll thank me later.

Going back to the example, let’s check the contents of my local directory:

$ ls -l
total 800
-rw-r--r--  1 adrianrosebrock  staff     541 Dec 21 08:45 display_image.py
-rw-r--r--  1 adrianrosebrock  staff  403494 Dec 21 08:45 jemma.png

As we can see, I have two files:

1. display_image.py
   

    : My Python script that I’ll be executing shortly.

2. jemma.png
   

    : The photo I’ll be loading from disk.

If I execute the following command I’ll see the

jemma.png

  image displayed to my screen, along with information on the dimensions of the image:

$ python display_image.py --image jemma.png
w: 376, h: 500, d: 3

Figure 1: Loading and displaying an image to my screen with OpenCV and Python.

However, let’s try to load an image path that does not exist:

$ python display_image.py --image i_dont_exist.png
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "display_image.py", line 17, in <module>
    (h, w, d) = image.shape
AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'shape'

Sure enough, there is our

NoneType

  error.

In this case, it was caused because I did not supply a valid image path to

cv2.imread

 .

Summary

In this blog post I discussed

NoneType

  errors and

AssertionError

  exceptions in OpenCV and Python.

In the vast majority of these situations, these errors can be attributed to either the

cv2.imread

  or

cv2.VideoCapture

  methods.

Whenever you encounter one of these errors, make sure you can load your image/read your frame before continuing. In over 95% of circumstances, your image/frame was not properly read.

Otherwise, if you are using command line arguments and are unfamiliar with them, there is a chance that you aren’t using them properly. In that case, make sure you educate yourself by reading this tutorial on command line arguments — you’ll thank me later.

Anyway, I hope this tutorial has helped you in your journey to OpenCV mastery!

If you’re just getting started studying computer vision and OpenCV, I would highly encourage you to take a look at my book, Practical Python and OpenCV, which will help you grasp the fundamentals.

Otherwise, make sure you enter your email address in the form below to be notified when future blog posts and tutorials are published!

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